In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called " Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low: Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distanceīetween Earth and the Moon. These make great birthday and Christmas gifts.Īll sales support hands-on STEM education Each cultured "space pearl" comes with greeting card showing the necklace in flight and telling the story of its journey to the edge of space and back again. The students are selling these pearls to support their cosmic ray ballooning program. This sterling silver pearl necklace went along for the ride: 19th, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched a cosmic ray balloon to the edge of space, 104,002 ft high. Rodriguez of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands Ī PEARL FROM THE STRATOSPHERE: On Aug. More images: from Alan Friedman of Buffalo, NY from Howard Eskildsen of Ocala, Florida from Rossana Miani of Padova, Italy from Francisco A. A flick of this tail could send a CME toward Earth. Only one end of the filament is moored, so it could become unstable and begin to move around. Contained inside the filament is a long tube of relatively cool, dark pasma. The sunspot's tail is a filament of magnetism emerging from the sunspot's core and curling away into the sun's atmosphere. "To understand this size more visually, the dark core of sunspot AR3092, seen in the upper left, is about the size of planet Earth," notes Poupeau. "It extends for about 390,000 km above the surface of the sun," says Eduardo Schaberger Poupeau who photographed the structure from Rafaela, Argentina: The complete sunset may be seen on Zinkova's youtube channel.Ī SUNSPOT WITH A TAIL: Sunspot AR3092 has a tail-a really long one. "In the upper duct, the solar disk looked like a rectangle in the lower duct it was more like a stack of pancakes." "The mirages were different in these two ducts," says Zinkova. In Zinkova's picture we see evidence of two thermal ducts trapping the sun's rays in relatively narrow layers. When the sun passes behind the mix of hot and cold, the solar disk is naturally distorted. Record-hot air (90 F) sitting on top of cool ocean water (60 F) creates unusually intense temperature gradients. San Francisco sunsets are often strange ("No two are ever the same," says Zinkova), but the heatwave may be amplifying the effect. 5th, one of the hottest September days ever on the beach in San Francisco. "The sun split in two," says Mila Zinkova, who photographed the phenomenon just as a flock of cormorants flew by. In some cities around the San Francisco Bay, daily records have been shattered by more than 10 degrees. WHAT HEAT WAVES DO TO THE SUNSET: A record-breaking heat wave is smothering California this week. NOAA forecasters say there is a 5% chance of M-class flares and no more than a 1% chance of X-flares on Sept. The solar disk is peppered with sunspots, but all of them have stable magnetic fields unlikely to explode. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining-a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.
Credit: SDO/HMIĬosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Sunspot AR3096 is growing rapidly, but it does not yet pose a threat for strong flares.
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